Polyalkylene glycol acid additives

ABSTRACT

A new class of activated polyalkylene glycol acids and their active ester reagents for conjugation to biopharmaceuticals such as polypeptides, sugars, proteins and therapeutically active small molecules to produce biologically active conjugates of these pharmaceuticals and methods for producing these conjugates.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application.60/398,137, filed Jul. 24, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention relates to polyalkylene glycol acids andtheir attachment to therapeutically active biopharmaceuticals forpreparing therapeutically active polyalkylene glycol conjugates withthese biopharmaceuticals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemical attachment of hydrophilic polyalkylene glycol linear polymers(known as PAG) to biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides iswell known and commonly used in biotechnology. The most commonpolyalkylene glycol molecule is polyethylene glycol polymer (known asPEG).

As an example of biotechnical application of PAG, some activederivatives of PAG have been attached to biopharmaceuticals such asproteins and enzymes with beneficial results. Since PAG is soluble inorganic solvents, PAG attached to such biopharmaceuticals as enzymes orproteins can produce resulting conjugates that are soluble and active inorganic solvents. Attachment of PAG to protein can reduce theimmunogenicity and rate of kidney clearance of the PAG-protein conjugateas compared to the unmodified protein. In addition attachment of PAG tobiopharmaceuticals such as protein can also dramatically increase theblood circulation lifetimes for these PAG conjugates.

In preparing PAG conjugates with biopharmaceuticals such as proteins thepharmacokinetics of the particular biopharmaceuticals will govern boththe efficacy and duration of effect of the drug. In view of theimmunogenicity, water insolubility and short in vivo half-life ofbiopharmaceuticals particularly proteins and polypeptides, it has becomeof major importance to reduce the rate of clearance of thesebiopharmaceuticals so that prolonged action can be achieved. This may beaccomplished by retarding or inhibiting glomerular filtration which canbe effected both by the charge on the protein and its molecular size(Brenner et al., (1978) Am. J. Physiol., 234, F455). By increasing themolecular volume and by masking potential epitope sites, modification ofa therapeutic biopharmaceutical such as a polypeptide and a protein witha polymer has been shown to be efficacious in reducing both the rate ofclearance as well as the antigenicity of the biopharmaceutical,especially proteins. Reduced proteolysis, increased water solubility,reduced renal clearance, and steric hindrance to receptor-mediatedclearance are a number of mechanisms by which the attachment of a PAGpolymer to the backbone of biopharmaceuticals such as polypeptides andproteins are beneficial in enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties ofthe drug Thus Davis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,337 disclosesconjugating PEG to proteins such as enzymes and insulin to produce aless immunogenic product while retaining a substantial proportion of thebiological activity of these biopharmaceuticals.

There are a large variety of active PAGs, particularly PEG, reagentswhich have been developed for the modification of biopharmaceuticalssuch as proteins (see for example Zalipsky, et al., and Harris et al.in: Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and BiomedicalApplications; (J. M. Harris ed.) Plenum Press: New York, 1992; Chap. 21and 22), most of which require the formation of a linking group betweenPEG and the biopharmaceuticals. Some of these reagents are unstable, tovarious degrees, in the aqueous medium in which the conjugation reactionoccurs. In addition the conjugation process often results in the loss ofin vitro biological activity which is due to several factors foremost ofwhich being a steric interference with the proteins active site. Adesired property therefore of a new reagent would be one that is notsusceptible to degradation in an aqueous medium and one which may beemployed to produce the site specific modification of a protein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention we have discovered a new class ofactivated polyalkylene glycol acids and their active ester reagents forconjugation to biopharmaceuticals such as polypeptides, sugars, proteinsand therapeutically active small molecules. These reagents are thosecompounds which have any one of the following formulae:

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are individually hydrogen or lower alkyl; X is —O—or —NH—; PAG is a divalent residue of polyalkylene glycol resulting fromremoval of both of its terminal hydroxy groups, which residue has amolecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000 Daltons; n is an integer offrom 0 to 1; m is an integer of from 4 to 8; and A is a hydrogen or anactivated leaving group which when taken together with its attachedoxygen atom forms an ester; or hydrolyzable esters thereof wherein A ishydrogen.

wherein R, PAG, X and A are as above; w is an integer of from 1 to 3;and one of R₃ and R₄ is lower alkyl and the other is hydrogen or loweralkyl; and

wherein R, A, and X are as above, PAG¹ is a divalent residue of apolyalkylene glycol resulting from the removal of both of the terminalhydroxy groups, said residue having a molecular weight of from about 500to about 25,000 Daltons, y is an integer from 0 to 3 and v is an integerfrom 1 to 3; and k is an integer from 1 to 2.

These compounds are useful reagents for forming conjugates withbiopharmaceuticals such as polypeptides, sugars, proteins andglycosides. The compounds of formula I-A, I-B and I-C when they formconjugates with biopharmaceuticals such as proteins, peptides, andglycosides enhance their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.These clinically useful properties include longer in vivo circulatinghalf-life, deceased clearance and enhanced potency, changes inbio—distribution leading to potential improvements in efficacy, reducedimmunogenicity, reduced toxicity, better physical and thermal stability,protection against proteolytic degradation, among others. The stabilityof the compounds of formula I-A, I-B and I-C allow them to be easilyconjugated to the biopharmaceutical.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The reagents of formula I-A, I-B and I-C can be conjugated to the aminoor hydroxy group of amino or hydroxy containing biopharmaceuticals toproduce conjugates which retain a substantial portion of the biologicalactivity of the biopharmaceutical from which they are derived. Generallyfor conjugation purposes, it is preferred that amino or hydroxycontaining biopharmaceutical contain a terminal amino or hydroxy group.It is this terminal amino or hydroxy group through which the reagents ofthis invention can conjugate to produce the conjugates in accordancewith this invention. The reagents of this invention are not susceptibleto degradation in an aqueous medium and so they can be easily reactedwith the biopharmaceutical to form the conjugate which can beadministered for therapeutic purposes in an aqueous medium.

The term polyalkylene glycol designates poly(lower alkylene)glycolradicals where the alkylene radical is a straight or branched chainradical containing from 2 to 7 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkylene”designates a straight or branched chain divalent alkylene radicalcontaining from 2 to 7 carbon atoms such as polyethylene, polyn-propylene, poly isopropylene, poly n-butylene, and polyisobutylene aswell as polyalkylene glycols formed from mixed alkylene glycols such aspolymers containing a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene radicalsand polymers containing a mixture of polyisopropylene, polyethylene andpolyisobutylene radicals. The branched chain alkylene glycol radicalsprovide the lower alkyl groups in the polymer chain of from 2 to 4carbon atoms depending on the number of carbon atoms contained in thestraight chain of the alkylene group so that the total number of carbonsatoms of any alkylene moiety which makes up the polyalkylene glycolsubstituent is from 2 to 7. The term “lower alkyl” includes lower alkylgroups containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etc. with methylbeing especially preferred.

In accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention, PAG inthe compound in formulas I-A, I-B and I-C is polyethylene glycol residueformed by removal of the two terminal hydroxy groups. Further inaccordance with this invention, the PAG residues in the compound offormula I-A and I-B, have molecular weights of from about 10,000 toabout 50,000, most preferably from about 20,000 to about 40,000, withfrom about 25,000 to about 35,000 being especially preferred. In thecompound of formula I-C, it is generally preferred that the two PAG1radicals have a combined molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about50,000 and preferably from about 20,000 to about 40,000, most preferablyfrom about 25,000 to about 35,000.

The reagents of formula I-A, I-B and I-C can be conjugated to anyconventional biopharmaceutical which contains a free hydroxy or aminogroup. Condensation can be either through the free acid or through theuse of an activated ester.

In accordance with this invention, the compounds of formula I-A, I-B andI-C can be reacted with the free hydroxy group or free amino group of abiopharmaceutical which is a protein, peptide or small organic moiety toform either an ether or amide conjugate.

In accordance with this invention the ether or amide conjugates can beprepared from the compounds of the reagents of this invention by thefollowing reaction schemes. In forming the ester conjugates, thereagents are reacted with a biopharmaceutical containing a terminalhydroxy group as illustrated below

wherein P is a residue of a biopharmaceutical having a terminal hydroxywhere the terminal hydroxy group is removed.

In this reaction scheme, B is a composite of compounds I-A, I-B and I-Cwithout the terminal reactive acid or activated acid leaving group. Incarrying out this reaction any conventional method of forming an esterby reacting a reactive acid group with an alcohol can be utilized toform the ester conjugate. Among the preferred methods is to couple theacid and alcohol in the presence of a coupling agent such asdicyclohexylcarbodiimide utilizing a coupling catalyst. Any conventionalcoupling catalyst such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and(4-dimethylamino)pyridine or mixtures thereof can be utilized. Generallythis reaction is carried out in an inert organic solvent media. Thisreaction can be carried out with the free or activated ester derivativeof this acid. If the activated acid derivative is utilized, then thereis no need to utilize the coupling catalyst and/or the coupling agent.In carrying out this reaction temperature and pressure are not criticaland this reaction can be carried out at room temperature. However, ifdesired, higher or lower temperatures can be utilized. In accordancewith this reaction P can be the residue of any biopharmaceutical havinga terminal hydroxy group. For forming the esters above among thepreferred biopharmaceutical having a terminal hydroxy group are thenucleosides such as AZT. In addition P can be any such small moleculebiopharmaceutical having a terminal hydroxy group.

In forming the amide, the compound of the following reaction is used

wherein P¹ is the residue of biopharmaceutical having a terminal aminogroup where this terminal amino group has been removed.

In the above reaction, scheme B is as described hereinbefore. Inaccordance with this reaction P¹ can be the residue of anybiopharmaceutical having a terminal amino group such as protein orpeptide or small molecule biopharmaceutical having a terminal aminogroup. Among the preferred protein and peptides are includedinterferon-α, interferon-β, consensus interferon, GCSF, GM-CSF,interleukins, colony stimulating factor as well as immunoglobulins suchas IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA and IgD and fragments thereof. Other preferredamino biopharmaceuticals are those peptides set forth in U.S. Pat. No.5,464,933 especially the T-20 peptide which has the structure: Tyr ThrSer Leu Ile His Ser Leu Ile Glu Glu Ser Gln Asn Gln Gln Glu Lys Asn GluGln Glu Leu Leu Glu Leu Asp Lys Trp Ala Ser Leu Trp Asn Trp Phe (SEQ IDNO.: 1).

The reaction to produce the amide is carried out by utilizing anyconventional means for coupling an acid or an activated acid derivative“OA” with an amide to form a peptide bond. Any conventional method offorming a peptide bond by the reaction of an acid and an amine to forman amide can be utilized in forming the conjugate.

In accordance with this invention, OA can be any conventional acidactivating leaving group. Among the preferred acid activating leavinggroups are the halogens such as chlorine and bromine, N-succinimidyloxy,sulfo-N-succinimidyloxy, 1-benzotriazolyloxy, 1-imidazolyl,p-nitrophenyloxy, 2,3,4-trichlorophenyloxy, pentachlorophenyloxy,pentafluorophenyloxy, N-phthalimidyloxy, N-tetrahydrophthalimide,N-glutarimide, 1-hydroxypiperidine, 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-quinoline,N-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide and hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole.

A process is provided for producing an activated ester of the formula:

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are individually hydrogen or lower alkyl; X is —O—or —NH—; PAG is a divalent residue of polyalkylene glycol resulting fromremoval of both of its terminal hydroxy groups, which residue has amolecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000 Daltons; n is an integer offrom 0 to 1; m is an integer of from 4 to 8; and A is a hydrogen or anactivated leaving group which when taken together with its attachedoxygen atom forms an estercomprising, condensing a compound of the formula:RO-PAG-V  Vwherein R, and PAG are as above, and V is —OH or —NH₂, with the compoundof the formula:

wherein R⁵ forms a hydrolyzable ester protecting group and Y is halideand R¹, R², m, and n, are as above, to produce an ester of the formula

wherein R, PAG, X, R¹, R², R⁵, m and n are as above, hydrolyzing saidester to form a free acid of the formula:

wherein R, PAG, X, R¹, R², m and n are as above, and reacting said freeacid with a halide of an activated leaving group in the presence of acoupling agent to produce said activated ester.

The compound of formula I-A where X is 0 is

wherein A, R, PAG, R¹, R² m and n are as above.is prepared by reacting the PAG hydroxy compound of the formulaRO-PAG-OH  Vwherein R, and PAG are as above with a compound of the formula

wherein R⁵ forms a hydrolyzable ester protecting group and Y is halideand R¹, R², m, and n, are as above via the following reaction scheme

wherein R, PAG, m and n are as above and A¹ is an activated leavinggroup which when taken together with its attached oxygen forms an ester.

The compound of formula V when condensed with the compound of formula VIproduces the compound of formula VIII. In this reaction the compound offormula V is reacted with the compound of formula VI by refluxing thesecompounds in an organic solvent in the presence of an alkali metalhydride such as sodium hydride. Any conventional method used incondensing an alcohol with a halide can be utilized in carrying out thisreaction. Generally it is preferred to utilize as an inert organicsolvent the aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and toluene.However, any conventional inert organic solvent can be utilized to carryout this reaction. In the compound of formula VI, R³ can be anyconventional acid hydrolyzable ester protecting group. Generally, thosehydrolyzable ester protecting groups include the lower alkyl esterprotecting groups. The compound of formula VIII is hydrolyzed to thecompound of formula IX by conventional means such as by basic hydrolysiswith base such as an alkali metal hydroxide in a aqueous medium. Theacid of formula IX is then converted to its activated form, the compoundof formula X, through the use of an activating leaving group such as anN-hydroxy succinimidyl group by reaction with N-hydroxy succinimide.However, any conventional activating leaving groups such as thosementioned hereinbefore can be utilized in forming the compound offormula X. Any conventional method of converting a carboxylic acid intoan activated ester containing an activating leaving group such asN-hydroxy succinimidyl group can be utilized to produce the compound offormula X.

In preparing the compound of formula I-A-1, which includes the compoundsof formula IX and X, by condensing the formula V with the compound offormula VI by the aforementioned reaction scheme this reaction schemecan be further illustrated in the following general manner:

Five grams of PEG compound of formula V (molecular weight of 1000 to40000) in 50 to 100 mL of toluene was azeotropically dried by refluxingfor 1 to 3 hours, followed by the removal of 20 to 30 mL of toluene. Theresulting mixture was dissolved in 20 to 30 mL of anhydroustetrahydrofuran and added drop by drop to sodium hydride (5 to 10 foldmolar excess) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20˜30 mL) in a roundbottomed flask under argon flow. The resulting mixture was refluxedovernight. The following halo acid esters of Formula VI were used toprepare the compound of Formula VIII: Methyl 5-bromovalerate or (ethyl5-iodovalerate; or, ethyl 6-bromohexanoate; ethyl-omega-chloro valerate;or 6-bromo hexanoic acid methyl ester; or methyl 7-bromoheptanoate; orethyl 7-bromoheptanoate; or methyl 8-bromooctanoate; or ethyl8-bromooctanoate; or methyl 10-bromodecanoate; or ethylw-bromoundecanotate; or methyl 11-bromoundecanoate, or methylbromomyristate; or ethyl 15-bromopentadecanoate; or16-bromo-hecadecancarboxylic acid-methylester; or17-bromo-hepadecancarboxylic acid-methylester; ormethyl-3-chlorobutyrate, methyl 3-bromobutyrate; or ethyl3-bromobutyrate, ethyl beta-bromovalerate; or ethyl beta-bromocaproate)(5 to 10 molar excess) was added to the reaction via syringe and thereaction was refluxed overnight. The reaction solution was thencondensed by rotary evaporation. The residue containing the compound offormula VIII was precipitated by addition to the mixture of 2-propanoland diethyl ether (1:1). The precipitated product, the compound offormula VIII, was filtered off and dried in vacuo.

The PEG acid ester of formula VIII (4 g) was dissolved in 50 to 100 mLof 1N sodium hydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 to 3.0 by additionof 1 to 6N hydrochloric acid, and the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether. The PEGacid of formula IX was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum.

The PEG acid of formula IX (2 g) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (10 to 20 mL) followed by the addition ofN-hydroxysuccinimide (1.05 to 2.0 fold molar excess) anddicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.05 to 2.0 fold molar excess). The mixturewas stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. The reactionmixture was filtered, concentrated, and precipitated with mixture of2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried in vacuoovernight to produce the activated ester of formula Ia1, the compound offormula X.

The compound of formula I-A where X is NH has the formula

wherein A, R, PAG, R¹, R², m and n are as above.is prepared from the compound ofRO-PAG-NH₂  XIIwherein R and PAG are as above by first reacting the compound of formulaXII with the compound of formula VI to produce a compound of theformula:

wherein R, R¹, R², R⁵, PAG, m and n are as above.

The reaction to produce the compound of formula XIII is carried out bycondensing the amine of formula XII with the halide of the compound offormula VI. Any conventional method of condensing an amine with a halidecan be used in carrying out this reaction. The compound of formula XIIIis converted to the compound of formula I-A2 when A is a leaving groupvia the intermediate

wherein R, PAG, R¹, R², m and n are as above.

This conversion to form the compound of formula XIV is carried byconventional basic hydrolysis as described hereinbefore. Thc compound offormula XIV is converted to the compound of formula 1A2 where A is anactivated leaving group which when taken together with its attachedoxygen forms an ester in the same manner as described in connection withthe conversion of the compound of formula IX to the compound of formulaX.

In general the method of producing the compound of formula 1-A2 where Ais an activated leaving group which when taken together with itsattached oxygen forms an ester by first reacting the compound of formulaXII with the compound of formula VI to produce the compound of formula1-A2 can be further illustrated by the following general reactionsequence:

Step One

Five grams of PEG amine of formula XII (molecular weight of 1000 to40000) was dissolved in 25 to 50 mL of absolute ethanol. Then, thecompound of formula VI which can be methyl 5-bromovalerate or (ethyl5-iodovalerate, ethyl 6-bromohexanoate, or ethyl-omega-chloro valerate,or 6-bromo hexanoic acid methyl ester, or methyl 7-bromoheptanoate, orethyl 7-bromoheptanoate, or methyl 8-bromooctanoate, or ethyl8-bromooctanoate, or methyl 10-bromodecanoate, or ethylw-bromoundecanotate, or methyl 11-bromoundecanoate, or methylbromomyristate, or ethyl 15-bromopentadecanoate, or16-bromo-hecadecancarboxylic acid-methylester, or17-bromo-hepadecancarboxylic acid-methylester, ormethyl-3-chlorobutyrate, or methyl 3-bromobutyrate, or ethyl3-bromobutyrate, or ethyl beta-bromovalerate, or ethylbeta-bromocaproate) (5 to 10 molar excess) was added to the PEGsolution. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The reaction solution was then condensed by rotaryevaporation. The residue was precipitated by addition to the mixture of2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The precipitated product wasfiltered off and dried in vacuo to produce the compound of formula XIII.

Step Two

PEG acid ester of formula XIII (4 g) was dissolved in 50 to 100 mL of 1Nsodium hydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 to 3.0 by additionof 1 to 6N hydrochloric acid, and the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether. The productPEG acid of formula XIV, was collected by filtration and dried undervacuum.

The PEG acid of formula XIV (2 g) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (10 to 20 mL) followed by the addition ofN-hydroxysuccinimide (1.05 to 2.0 fold molar excess) anddicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.05 to 2.0 fold molar excess). The mixturewas stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. The reactionmixture was filtered, concentrated, and precipitated with mixture of2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried in vacuoovernight to produce the compound of formula I-A2 where A is anactivated leaving group which when taken together with its attachedoxygen forms an ester.

A process is provided for producing an activated ester of the formula:

wherein R is hydrogen or lower alkyl; X is —O— or —NH—; PAG is adivalent residue of polyalkyleneglycol resulting from removal of both ofits terminal hydroxy groups, which residue has a molecular weight offrom 1,000 to 50,000 Daltons; w is an integer of from 1 to 3; and one ofR₃ and R₄ is lower alkyl and the other is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and Ais a hydrogen or an activated leaving group which when taken togetherwith its attached oxygen atom forms an estercomprising, condensing a compound of the formula:

wherein w, Y, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as above, Y is halide and R⁵ forms ahydrolyzable protecting group, with a compound of the formula:RO-PAG-V  Vwherein R, and PAG are as above, V is —OH or —NH₂, to produce an esterof the formula:

wherein w, R, PAG, X, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as above hydrolyzing said esterto form a free acid of the formula:

wherein R, PAG, X, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as above, and reacting said freeacid with a halide of an activated leaving group in the presence of acoupling agent to produce said activated ester.

The compound of formula I-B where X is 0 which has the formula

wherein A, R, PAG, R³, R⁴, and w are as above is prepared by reactingthe compound of formula V with the compound of formula

wherein w, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as above, and Y is halide to produce acompound of the formula:

wherein w, R, PAG, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are as above,

The reaction of the compound of formula XX with the compound of formulaof formula V to produce the compound of formula XXI is carried out inthe same manner as described in connection with the reaction of thecompound of formula V and VI to produce the compound of formula VII. Thecompound of formula XXI is next subjected to basic hydrolysis utilizingthe conditions described hereinbefore to form the compound of formula

wherein R, PAG, R³ and R⁴ are as above

The compound of formula XXII is next converted to the compound offormula I-B1 where A is an activated leaving group which when takentogether with its attached oxygen forms an ester. This conversion iscarried out in the same manner as described in connection with theformation of the compound of formula X from the compound of formula IX.

The compound of formula I-B where X is NH which has the formula

wherein A, R, PAG, R³ and R⁴, and w are as above, is prepared byreacting the compound of formula XII with the compound of formula XX.This reaction produces a compound of the formula:

wherein R, PAG, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as above

The reaction of the compound of formula XX with the compound of formulaXII to produce the compound of formula XXV is carried out in the samemanner as described in connection with the reaction of the compound offormula XII with the compound of formula VI to produce the compound offormula XIII. The compound of formula XXV is next subjected to basichydrolysis utilizing the conditions described hereinbefore to form thecompound of formula

wherein R, PAG, R³, R⁴ and w are as above.

The formation of the compound of formula I-B2 by reaction of thecompound of formula XX and the compound of formula III is carried out inthe same manner as described in connection with the compound of formulaI-A2 except that the compound of formula XX is substituted for thecompound of formula VI.

A process is provided for producing an activated ester of the formula:

wherein R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is —O— or —NH, A is a hydrogenor an activated leaving group which when taken together with itsattached oxygen atom forms an ester, PAG¹ is a divalent residue of apolyalkylene glycol resulting from the removal of both of the terminalhydroxy groups, said residue having a molecular weight of from about 500to about 25,000 Daltons, y is an integer from 0 to 3 and v is an integerfrom 1 to 3; and k is an integer from 1 to 2, comprising, condensing acompound of the formula:

wherein Y is halide, y and v are as above, and R⁵ forms a hydrolyzableester protecting group with a compound of the formulaRO-PAG¹-O—(CH₂)_(k)—V  XXXVIwherein R, PAG¹ and k are as above, V is —OH or —NH₂, to produce anester of the formula:

wherein R, PAG¹, X, R⁵, k, v and y are as above, hydrolyzing said esterto form a free acid of the formula:

wherein R, PAG¹, X, k, v and y are as above, and reacting said free acidwith a halide of an activated leaving group in the presence of acoupling agent to produce said activated ester.

The compound of formula I-C where X is 0 is the compound of the formula

wherein R, PAG¹, A v, y and k are as above is prepared by the reactionof a compound of the formula

wherein Y, R⁵, y and v are as above with a compound of the formula:RO-PAG¹-O—(CH₂)_(k)—OH  XXXVI

wherein R, PAG and k are as above.

The formation of the compound of the formula I-C1 is carried out via thefollowing reaction scheme:

wherein A¹, R, PAG¹, n and v are as above.

In the formation of the compound of formula I-C1 two moles of thecompound of formula XXXVI are reacted with one mole of the compound offormula XXXV. This reaction is carried out using the same conditions asdescribed in connection with the reaction of the compound of formula Vand formula VI hereinbefore. In this manner, the compound of formulaXXXVII is produced. The compound of formula XXXVII is hydrolyzed to formthe compound of formula XXXVIII in the same manner as described inconnection with the hydrolysis of formula VIII to the compound offormula IX. In the last step, the compound of formula XXXVIII is reactedto convert the carboxyl group to an activating leaving group in the samemanner as described in connection with the formation of the compound offormula IX. In this manner the compound of formula XXXVIII is convertedto the compound of formula 1-C1 where A is an activated leaving groupwhich when taken together with its attached oxygen forms an ester.

The compound of formula I-C where X is NH, i.e., the compound of formula

wherein A, R, PAG¹, v, w and y are as above is prepared by the reactionof a compound of the formula XXXV above with a compound of the formulaRO-PAG¹-O—(CH₂)_(k)—NH₂  XLIwherein R, PAG¹, and k are as above.via the following reaction scheme

In the first step of this reaction, the compound of formula XXXV isreacted with the compound of formula XL1 to produce the compound offormula XLII. This reaction is carried out in the same manner asdescribed in connection with the reaction of the compound of formula XIIwith the compound of formula VI to produce a compound of formula XIII.In the next step, the compound of XLII is hydrolyzed to the compound offormula XLIII in the same manner as described in connection with thehydrolysis of the compound of formula XIII. The compound of formula XLIIis then reacted to convert the carboxyl group to an activating leavinggroup as described hereinbefore to produce the compound of formula I-C-2where A is an activated leaving group which when taken together with itsattached oxygen forms an ester. This reaction is carried out in the samemanner as described in connection with the conversion of the compound offormula XIV to the compound of formula I-A2.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Preparation of alpha-methoxy, omega-valeric acid succinimidyl ester ofPEG

The compound of formula V where the R is methyl, PAG is PEG having amolecular weight of 10000 (5.0 g, 0.5 mmol) in 50 mL of toluene wasazeotropically dried by refluxing for 2 hours, followed by the removalof 40 mL of toluene. The resulting mixture was dissolved in 30 mL ofanhydrous tetrahydrofuran and added drop by drop to sodium hydride (0.12g, 5 mmol) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) in a round bottomedflask under argon flow. The resulting mixture was refluxed overnight.Ethyl-5-bromovalerate (0.79 mL, 5 mmol) was added to the reaction viasyringe and the reaction was refluxed overnight. The reaction solutionwas then condensed by rotary evaporation. The residue was precipitatedby addition to the mixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). Theprecipitated product was filtered off and dried in vacuo. Yield: 4.5 g.of the title compound where the PEG had a molecular weight of 1,000[m-Peg Valeric ethyl ester].

m-PEG valeric acid ethyl ester (4 g) was dissolved in 100 mL of 1Nsodium hydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 by addition of 6Nhydrochloric acid, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane(50 mL, 40 mL, and 30 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether.The product m-PEG valeric acid where the PEG had a molecular weight of1,000, was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Yield: 3 g.NMR (d6-DMSO): 1.50 ppm (q, 2H, —CH2CH2—COOH); 2.21 ppm (t, 2H,—CH2CH2—COOH); 3.21 ppm (s, —OCH3); 3.5 ppm (s, —O—CH2CH2—O—).

m-PEG valeric acid (2 g, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (10 mL) followed by the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide(47 mg, 0.41 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (87 mg, 0.42 mmol). Themixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. Thereaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and precipitated withmixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried invacuo overnight. Yield: 1.6 g. of the title compound NMR (d6-DMSO):1.58–1.67 ppm (m, 4H, —CH2CH2CH2—COO—); 2.69 ppm (t, 2H,—CH2CH2CH2—COO—); 2.81 ppm (s, 4H, NHS); 3.21 ppm (s, —OCH3); 3.5 ppm(s, —O—CH2CH2—O—).

Example 2

Preparation of alpha-methoxy, omega-beta butanoic acid succinimidylester of PEG

The methoxy compound of formula I where PAG was PIG having a molecularweight 10000 (5.0 g, 0.5 mmol) in 50 mL of toluene was azeotropicallydried by refluxing for 2 hours, followed by the removal of 40 mL oftoluene. The resulting mixture was dissolved in 30 mL of anhydroustetrahydrofuran and added drop by drop to sodium hydride (0.12 g, 5mmol) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) in a round bottomed flaskunder argon flow. The resulting mixture was refluxed overnight.Ethyl-beta-bromobutyrate (0.74 mL, 5 mmol) was added to the reaction viasyringe and the reaction was refluxed overnight. The reaction solutionwas then condensed by rotary evaporation. The residue was precipitatedby addition to the mixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1) toproduce the methyl PEG where betahydrate ethyl ester PEG has a molecularweight of 1,000. The precipitated product was filtered off and dried invacuo. Yield: 4.5 g. NMR (d6-DMSO): 0.83 ppm (t, 3H, —O—CH2—CH3); 1.05ppm (t, 3H, —CH3); 1.57 ppm (m, 1H, —CHCH2CO—); 3.21 ppm (s, —OCH3); 3.5ppm (s, —O—CH2CH2—O—).

m-PEG ethyl-beta butyrate (3 g) was dissolved in 50 mL of 1N sodiumhydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight.The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 by addition of 6N hydrochloricacid, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (25 mL, 20 mL,and 20 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether. The product m-PEGvaleric acid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Yield:2.4 g. NMR (d6-DMSO): 0.88 ppm (t, 3H, —CH3), 1.61 ppm (m, 1H,—CHCH2CO—); 3.21 ppm (s, —OCH3); 3.5 ppm (s, —O—CH2CH2—O—) to producethe methoxy PEG butanoic acid where PEG had a molecular weight 41,000.

m-PEG10k-beta-butanoic acid (1 g, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (5 mL) followed by the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide(24 mg, 0.20 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (43 mg, 0.21 mmol). Themixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. Thereaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and precipitated withmixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried invacuo overnight to yield 6.6 g of the title compound where the PEG had amolecular weight of 13000.

Example 3

Preparation of PEG-AZT Conjugate

m-PEG1OK valeric acid in Example 1 (0.2 g, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved inanhydrous dimethylformamide (2 mL) followed by the addition of3′-Azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (AZT) (10.7 mg, 0.04 mmol),1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) (9.8 mg, 0.04 mmol),(4-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (5.7 mg, 0.042 mmol), anddicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (9.5 mg, 0.046 mmol). The mixture wasstirred overnight at room temperature under argon. The reaction mixturewas filtered, concentrated, and precipitated with mixture of 2-propanoland diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried in vacuo overnight.Yield: 0.17 g. NMR (d6-DMSO): 1.18 ppm (m, 3H, H1); 1.51 ppm (m, 2H,H9); 2.23 ppm (m, 1H, H4); 2.37 ppm (t, 2H, H8); 3.21 ppm (s, H12); 3.5ppm (s, H11). 4.2 ppm (m, 1H, H5); 6.12 ppm (m, H3, H6); 7.45 ppm (s,1H, H2); 11.35 ppm (br, 1H, H10).

Example 4

Pegylation of T-20 with mPEG10k-SVA

Alpha-methoxy, omega-valeric acid succinimidyl ester of PEG 10 kDaprepared according to Example 1 was added to 20 mg of T-20 which has thesequence:

Tyr Thr Ser Leu Ile His Ser Leu Ile Glu Glu Ser Gln Asn Gln Gln Glu LysAsn Glu Gln Glu Leu Leu Glu Leu Asp Lys Trp Ala Ser Leu Trp Asn Trp Phe(SEQ ID NO:1)

This addition was carried out in 1.0 ml of buffer (50 mM borate pH 8.0)in a molar ratio of 2 moles of reagent per one mole of T-20. Thesolution was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. Pegylated T-20 waspurified from the reaction mixture using ion exchange chromatography(QA). A step gradient with increasing salt concentrations from 100 mM to1 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5 was used to separate pegylated T-20 andunmodified T-20.

Example 5

Pegylation of EPO with mPEG30K-β-SBA

1. Fermentation and Purification of Human EPO

Note: The methods for the fermentation and purification of human EPOwere exactly the same as the one which was described in European PatentApplication (EP 1 064 951 A2). (See Page 7–9)

2. Pegylation Reaction

To five milligrams of EPOsf (653 μL of a 7.66 mg/ml EPOsf stock, 0.274μmol) 347 μL of 100 mM borate buffer, pH 8.0 containing 8.2 mg of 30 kDamethoxy-PEG-β-SBA (0.274 μmol) was added and mixed for 4 h at 4° C. Thefinal protein concentration was 5 mg/ml and the protein:PEG reagentratio was 1:1. After four hours, the reaction was stopped by adjustingthe pH to 4.5 with glacial acetic acid and stored at −20° C., untilready for purification.

3. Purification

The reaction mixture from the previous step was diluted 1:5 with 10 mMsodium acetate, pH 4.5 and applied to 100 ml SP-Sepharose FF(sulfopropyl cation exchange resin) packed into a 18 mm×143 mm column.The column was previously equilibrated with the same buffer. Columneffluents were monitored at 280 nm with a Gilson UV monitor and recordedwith a Kipp and Zonen recorder. The column was washed with 100 ml or 1bed volume of equilibration buffer to remove excess reagents, reactionbyproducts and oligomeric PEG-EPO. It was followed by washing with 2 bedvolumes of 100 mM NaCl to remove di-PEG-EPO. Mono-PEG-EPO was theneluted with 200 mM NaCl. During elution of the mono-PEG-EPO, the first50 ml of the protein peak was discarded and the mono-PEG-EPO wascollected as a 150 ml fraction. Unmodified EPOsf remaining on the columnwas eluted with 750 mM NaCl. All elution buffers were made in theequilibration buffer. The eluted sample was analyzed by SDS-PAGE andMALDI-TOF. The mono-PEG-EPO pool obtained from the 150 ml fraction,which had no detectable unmodified EPOsf, was then concentrated ˜5.0mg/ml and diafiltered into the storage buffer, 10 mM potassiumphosphate, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.5. Concentration/Diafiltration wasperformed with Millipore Labscale™ TFF System fitted with 5 kDa cut offMillipore Pellicon XL Biomax 50 membrane at ambient temperature.Concentrated mono-PEG-EPO was sterile filtered and stored frozen at −20°C.

Example 6

Pegylation of EPO with mPEG10K-SVA

A different aliquot of the EPOsf used in Example 5 was reacted with 10kDa methoxy-PEG-SVA. Reaction was performed at a protein:reagent ratioof 1:2 and purification techniques were in accordance with Example 5.

Example 7

In-vivo activity of pegylated EPO determined by the normocythaemic mouseassay.

The normocythaemic mouse bioassay is known in the art (Pharm. EuropaSpec. Issue Erythropoietin BRP Bio 1997(2)) and a method in themonography of erythropoietin of Ph. Eur. BRP. The sample were dilutedwith BSA-PBS. Normal healthy mice, 7–15 weeks old, were administereds.c. 0.5 ml of the EPO-fraction containing unpegylated EPO (40 ng/mouse)or mono-pegylated EPO (10 or 40 ng/mouse) from Example 5 or 6. Over aperiod of 6 days, blood was drawn by puncture of the tail vein anddiluted such that 1 μL of blood was present in 1 ml of an 0.15 molacridine orange staining solution. The staining time was 3 to 10minutes. The reticulocyte counts were given in terms of absolute figures(per 30,000 blood cells analyzed). For the data presented, each groupconsisted of 5 mice per day, and the mice were bled only once. Theresults show the superior activity and the prolonged half life of thepegylated EPO species indicated by the significantly increased amountsof reticulocytes and the shift of the reticulocytes count maximum usingthe same dose per mouse (10 ng), compared to a dose of 40 ng forunmodified EPO.

Example 8

Preparation of Methoxy Branched PEG-acid and its Succinimidyl Ester

The compound of formula VI where the PAG is PEG having a molecualrweight of 1,000 [m-Peg amine of molecular weight 10000] (1.0 g, 0.1mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of absolute ethanol at 40° C. followed bythe addition of ethyl-3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)propionate (7.6 TL, 0.048mmol), and the mixture was stirred overnight at 40° C. under argon. Thereaction solution was condensed by rotary evaporation. The residue wasprecipitated by addition to the mixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether(1:1). The precipitated product was filtered off and dried in vacuo.Yield:0.89 g.

Branched m-Peg acid ester (0.89 g) was dissolved in 20 mL of 1N sodiumhydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight.The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 by addition of 6N hydrochloricacid, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL, 5 mLand 5 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether. The product m-Pegvaleric acid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum.Yield:0.64 g.

Branched m-Peg acid (0.64 g, 0.032 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (5 mL) followed by the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide(11 mg, 0.098 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (20 mg, 0.099 mmol).The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. Thereaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and precipitated withmixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried invacuo overnight. Yield:0.58 g.

Example 9

Preparation of Branched PEG-acid and its Succinimidyl Ester

The methoxy PAG compound of formula V where the PAG is PEG having amolecular weight of 2,000 [m-Peg amine of molecular weight 10000] (1.0g, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of absolute ethanol at 40° C.followed by the addition of ethyl-3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)propionate (7.6TL, 0.048 mmol), and the mixture was stirred overnight at 40° C. underargon. The reaction solution was condensed by rotary evaporation. Theresidue was precipitated by addition to the mixture of 2-propanol anddiethyl ether (1:1). The precipitated product was filtered off and driedin vacuo. Yield:0.89 g.

Branched m-Peg acid ester (0.89 g) was dissolved in 20 mL of 1N sodiumhydroxide and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight.The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.5 by addition of 6N hydrochloricacid, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL, 5 mLand 5 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,concentrated, and precipitated into diethyl ether. The product m-Pegvaleric acid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum.Yield:0.64 g.

Branched m-Peg acid (0.64 g, 0.032 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (5 mL) followed by the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide(11 mg, 0.098 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (20 mg, 0.099 mmol).The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. Thereaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and precipitated withmixture of 2-propanol and diethyl ether (1:1). The product was dried invacuo overnight. Yield:0.58 g of the title compound.

1. A compound of the formula

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are individually hydrogen or lower alkyl; X is —NH—; PAG is a divalent residue of polyalkylene glycol resulting from removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups, which residue has a molecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000 Daltons; n is an integer of from 0 to 1; m is an integer of from 4 to 8; and A is a hydrogen or an activated leaving group which when taken together with its attached oxygen atom forms an ester or hydrolyzable esters thereof wherein A is hydrogen.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein A is hydrogen.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein PAG is PEG, a divalent polyethylene glycol residue resulting from the removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R is methyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein n is 0 and m is
 4. 6. The compound of claim 4 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 40,000.
 7. The compound of claim 5 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 20,000 to about 35,000.
 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein A is an activated leaving group.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein PAG is PEG, a divalent polyethylene glycol residue resulting from the removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups.
 10. The compound of claim 8 wherein R is methyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein n is 0 and m is
 4. 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 40,000.
 13. The compound of claim 12 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 20,000 to about 35,000.
 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein said compound has the formula

wherein A, R, PAG, R,¹R²′ m and n are as above.
 15. The compound of claim 14 wherein A is hydrogen.
 16. The compound of claim 15 wherein PAG is PEG, a divalent polyethylene glycol residue resulting from the removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups.
 17. The compound of claim 16 wherein R is methyl.
 18. The compound of claim 17 wherein n is 0 and m is
 4. 19. The compound of claim 18 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 40,000.
 20. The compound of claim 19 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 20,000 to about 35,000.
 21. The compound of claim 17 wherein PAG is PEG, a divalent polyethylene glycol residue resulting from the removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups.
 22. The compound of claim 21 wherein R is methyl.
 23. The compound of claim 22 wherein n is 0 and m is
 4. 24. The compound of claim 23 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 40,000.
 25. The compound of claim 24 wherein PEG has a molecular weight of from 20,000 to about 35,000.
 26. A process for producing an activated ester of the formula:

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are individually hydrogen or lower alkyl; X is —O—or —NH—; PAG is a divalent residue of polyalkylene glycol resulting from removal of both of its terminal hydroxy groups, which residue has a molecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000 Daltons; n is an integer of from 0 to 1; m is an integer of from 4 to 8; and A is a hydrogen or an activated leaving group which when taken together with its attached oxygen atom forms an ester comprising, condensing a compound of the formula: RO-PAG-V  V wherein R, and PAG are as above, and V is —OH or —NH₂, with the compound of the formula:

wherein R⁵ forms a hydrolyzable ester protecting group and Y is halide and R¹, R², m, and n, are as above, to produce an ester of the formula

wherein R, PAG, X, R¹, R², R⁵, m and n are as above, hydrolyzing said ester to form a free acid of the formula:

wherein R, PAG, X, R¹, R², m and n are as above, and reacting said free acid with a halide of an activated leaving group in the presence of a coupling agent to produce said activated ester, and wherein said PAG residue has a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 40,000 Daltons when X is O.
 27. The process of claim 26 wherein said leaving group is a N-hydroxysuccinimidyl group. 